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Steep turn (aviation)
A steep turn in aviation, performed by an aircraft (usually fixed wing), is a turn that involves a bank of more than 30 degrees. This means the angle created by the axis running along both wings and the horizon is more than 30 degrees.〔(Central Aviation Authority - New Zealand )〕〔(Federal Aviation Authority - USA )〕 Generally, for training purposes,〔(DGCA - India - CA40 Form for Day/Night Check ride mentioning Steep Turn Assessment )〕 steep turns are demonstrated and practiced at 45 degrees, sometimes more. The purpose of learning and practicing a steep turn is to train a pilot to maintain control of an aircraft in cases of emergency such as structural damage, loss of power in one engine etc.
Entry procedure for a steep turn involves keeping the wings level and increasing the throttle to full power.〔(Transport Canada (Govt. of Canada) procedure for Steep Turn under Flight Text Exercises )〕 Following this the aircraft is put into an abrupt bank (left or right) while pulling back on the flight stick or flight yoke to speed up the turning process. While doing this the pilot has to ensure no loss or gain of altitude. The pilot is expected to constantly look outside the aircraft while keeping a close check on the Attitude indicator for angle of bank. When the aircraft is in a 45 degree bank, it is common for a certain amount of opposite aileron control to be required to prevent the aircraft from slipping into a steeper bank.
==Tolerances and technicalities==
This section would best be understood by a trained private pilot or someone who has studied the curriculum contained within the private pilot ground syllabus. For purposes of testing, a steep turn is a 360 degree turn in either direction with a 45 degree bank angle while maintaining altitude, speed and bank within certain set tolerances. Furthermore the roll out heading must be within 10 degrees of the entry heading for the manoeuvre to be deemed successful by most flight training standards and check rides.
A steep turn increases the load factor of an aircraft. Simply put the aircraft feels heavier due to the effect of centrifugal force. At a 45 degree bank angle the load factor of an aircraft is 1.4 i.e. the aircraft effectively becomes 40% heavier. This requires the pilot to exert backward pressure on the flight stick or column to raise the nose, thereby creating more lift to maintain altitude. In the event that backward pressure is not exerted on the stick / column, the aircraft will tend to lose altitude.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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